______________________________________________________________________

  21   Strings library                           [lib.strings]

  ______________________________________________________________________

1 This clause describes components for manipulating sequences of  "char­
  acters,"  where  characters may be of type char, wchar_t, or of a type
  defined in a C++ program.

2 The following subclauses describe string classes, and  null-terminated
  sequence utilities, as summarized in Table 1:

                     Table 1--Strings library summary

     +---------------------------------------------------------------+
     |                    Subclause                        Header(s) |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+
     |_lib.string.classes_ String classes                  <string>  |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+
     |                                                     <cctype>  |
     |                                                     <cwctype> |
     |_lib.c.strings_ Null-terminated sequence utilities   <cstring> |
     |                                                     <cwchar>  |
     |                                                     <cstdlib> |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+

  21.1  String classes                              [lib.string.classes]

  Header <string> synopsis

  #include <memory>       // for allocator

  namespace std {
  // subclause _lib.template.string_, basic_string:
    template<class charT> struct string_char_traits;
    template<class charT, class traits = string_char_traits<charT>,
             class Allocator = allocator> class basic_string;

    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>
        operator+(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                  const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>
        operator+(const charT* lhs,
                  const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>
        operator+(charT lhs, const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>
        operator+(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                  const_pointer rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>
        operator+(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs, charT rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator==(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                      const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator==(const charT* lhs,
                      const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator==(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                      const charT* rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator!=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                      const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator!=(const charT* lhs,
                      const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator!=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                      const charT* rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator< (const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                      const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator< (const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                      const charT* rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator< (const charT* lhs,
                      const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator> (const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                      const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator> (const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                      const charT* rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator> (const charT* lhs,
                      const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator<=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                      const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator<=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                      const charT* rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator<=(const charT* lhs,
                      const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator>=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                      const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator>=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                      const charT* rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      bool operator>=(const charT* lhs,
                      const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      basic_istream<charT>&
        operator>>(basic_istream<charT>& is,
                   basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
      basic_ostream<charT>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT>& os,
                   const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str);
    template<class charT, class IS_traits, class STR_traits, class STR_Alloc>
      basic_istream<charT,IS_traits>&
        getline(basic_istream<charT,IS_traits>& is,
                basic_string<charT,STR_traits,STR_Alloc>& str,
                charT delim = IS_traits::newline() );
  // subclause _lib.string_, string:
    struct string_char_traits<char>;
    typedef basic_string<char> string;
  // subclause _lib.wstring_, wstring:
    struct string_char_traits<wchar_t>;
    typedef basic_string<wchar_t> wstring;
  }

1 In  this  subclause,  we  call  the  basic character types "char-like"
  types, and also  call  the  objects  of  char-like  types  "char-like"
  objects or simply "character"s.

2 The  header  <string>  defines  a  basic string class template and its
  traits that can handle all "char-like" template arguments with several
  function  signatures  for  manipulating  varying-length  sequences  of
  "char-like" objects.

3 The header <string> also defines two specific template classes  string
  and wstring and their special traits.

  21.1.1  Template class basic_string              [lib.template.string]

  21.1.1.1  Template class                      [lib.string.char.traits]
       string_char_traits
  namespace std {
    template<class charT> struct string_char_traits {
      typedef charT char_type; // for users to acquire the basic character type
      static void assign(char_type& c1, const char_type& c2)
      static bool eq(const char_type& c1, const char_type& c2)
      static bool ne(const char_type& c1, const char_type& c2)
      static bool lt(const char_type& c1, const char_type& c2)
      static char_type eos(); // the null character
      static basic_istream<charT>& char_in (basic_istream<charT>& is, char_type& a);
      static basic_ostream<charT>& char_out(basic_ostream<charT>& os, char_type a);
      static bool is_del(char_type a); // characteristic function for delimiters
      // speed-up functions
      static int compare(const char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
      static size_t length(const char_type* s);
      static char_type* copy(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    };
  }

  21.1.1.2  string_char_traits          [lib.string.char.traits.members]
       members

1 Default definitions.

  static void assign(char_type& c1, const char_type& c2)

  Effects:
    Assigns c2 to c1.

  static bool eq(const char_type& c1, const char_type& c2)

  Returns
    c1 == c2

  static bool ne(const char_type& c1, const char_type& c2)

  Returns:
    !(c1 == c2)

  static bool lt(const char_type& c1, const char_type& c2)

  Returns:
    c1 < c2

  static char_type eos();

  Returns
    The null character, char_type()

  static basic_istream<charT>&
    char_in(basic_istream<charT>& is, char_type& a);

  Effects:
    Extracts a charT object.
  Returns:
    is >> a

  static basic_ostream<charT>&
    char_out(basic_ostream<charT>& os, char_type a);

  Effects:
    Inserts a charT object.
  Returns:
    os << a

  static bool is_del(char_type a);

  Effects:
    Characteristic function for delimiters of charT.
  Returns:
    isspace(a)

  static int compare(const char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);

  Effects:
        for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i, ++s1, ++s2)
          if (ne(*s1, *s2))
            return lt(*s1, *s2) ? -1 : 1;
        return 0;

  static size_t length(const char_type* s);

  Effects:
        size_t len = 0;
        while (ne(*s++, eos())) ++len;
        return len;

  static char_type* copy(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);

  Effects:
        char_type* s = s1;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) assign(*s1++, *s2++);
        return s;

  21.1.1.3  Template class basic_string               [lib.basic.string]
  namespace std {
    template<class charT, class traits = string_char_traits<charT>,
             class Allocator = allocator>
    class basic_string {
    public:
    // types:
      typedef          traits            traits_type;
      typedef typename traits::char_type value_type;
      typedef typename Allocator::size_type       size_type;
      typedef typename Allocator::difference_type difference_type;
      typedef typename Allocator::types<charT>::reference       reference;
      typedef typename Allocator::types<charT>::const_reference const_reference;
      typedef typename Allocator::types<charT>::pointer         pointer;
      typedef typename Allocator::types<charT>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
      typedef typename Allocator::types<charT>::pointer         iterator;
      typedef typename Allocator::types<charT>::const_pointer   const_iterator;
      typedef reverse_iterator<iterator, value_type,
                      reference, difference_type>               reverse_iterator;
      typedef reverse_iterator<const_iterator, value_type,
                      const_reference, difference_type>         const_reverse_iterator;
      static const size_type npos = -1;
    // _lib.string.cons_ construct/copy/destroy:
      explicit basic_string(Allocator& = Allocator());
      basic_string(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0,
                   size_type n = npos, Allocator& = Allocator());
      basic_string(const charT* s, size_type n, Allocator& = Allocator());
      basic_string(const charT* s, Allocator& = Allocator());
      basic_string(size_type n, charT c, Allocator& = Allocator());
      template<class InputIterator>
        basic_string(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end,
                     Allocator& = Allocator());
     ~basic_string();
      basic_string& operator=(const basic_string& str);
      basic_string& operator=(const charT* s);
      basic_string& operator=(charT c);
    // _lib.string.iterators_ iterators:
      iterator       begin();
      const_iterator begin() const;
      iterator       end();
      const_iterator end() const;

      reverse_iterator       rbegin();
      const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const;
      reverse_iterator       rend();
      const_reverse_iterator rend() const;

    // _lib.string.capacity_ capacity:
      size_type size() const;
      size_type length() const;
      size_type max_size() const;
      void resize(size_type n, charT c);
      void resize(size_type n);
      size_type capacity() const;
      void reserve(size_type res_arg);
      bool empty() const;
    // _lib.string.access_ element access:
      charT     operator[](size_type pos) const;
      reference operator[](size_type pos);
      const_reference at(size_type n) const;
      reference       at(size_type n);
    // _lib.string.modifiers_ modifiers:
      basic_string& operator+=(const basic_string& rhs);
      basic_string& operator+=(const charT* s);
      basic_string& operator+=(charT c);
      basic_string& append(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0,
                           size_type n = npos);
      basic_string& append(const charT* s, size_type n);
      basic_string& append(const charT* s);
      basic_string& append(size_type n, charT c = charT());
      template<class InputIterator>
        basic_string& append(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
      basic_string& assign(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0,
                           size_type n = npos);
      basic_string& assign(const charT* s, size_type n);
      basic_string& assign(const charT* s);
      basic_string& assign(size_type n, charT c = charT());
      template<class InputIterator>
        basic_string& assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
      basic_string& insert(size_type pos1, const basic_string& str,
                           size_type pos2 = 0, size_type n = npos);
      basic_string& insert(size_type pos, const charT* s, size_type n);
      basic_string& insert(size_type pos, const charT* s);
      basic_string& insert(size_type pos, size_type n, charT c = charT() );
      iterator insert(iterator p, charT c = charT());
      iterator insert(iterator p, size_type n, charT c = charT());
      template<class InputIterator>
        void insert(iterator p, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
      basic_string& remove(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos);
      basic_string& remove(iterator position);
      basic_string& remove(iterator first, iterator last);
      basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str,
                            size_type pos2 = 0, size_type n2 = npos);
      basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, const charT* s,
                            size_type n2);
      basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, const charT* s);
      basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n, charT c = charT());

      basic_string& replace(iterator i1, iterator i2, const basic_string& str);
      basic_string& replace(iterator i1, iterator i2, const charT* s, size_type n);
      basic_string& replace(iterator i1, iterator i2, const charT* s);
      basic_string& replace(iterator i1, iterator i2,
                            size_type n, charT c = charT());
      template<class InputIterator>
        basic_string& replace(iterator i1, iterator i2,
                              InputIterator j1, InputIterator j2);
      size_type copy(charT* s, size_type n, size_type pos = 0);
      void swap(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&);
    // _lib.string.ops_ string operations:
      const charT* c_str() const;  // explicit
      const charT* data() const;
      size_type find (const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0) const;
      size_type find (const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
      size_type find (const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
      size_type find (charT c, size_type pos = 0) const;
      size_type rfind(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = npos) const;
      size_type rfind(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
      size_type rfind(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;
      size_type rfind(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const;
      size_type find_first_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0) const;
      size_type find_first_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
      size_type find_first_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
      size_type find_first_of(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const;
      size_type find_last_of (const basic_string& str,
                              size_type pos = npos) const;
      size_type find_last_of (const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
      size_type find_last_of (const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;
      size_type find_last_of (charT c, size_type pos = npos) const;
      size_type find_first_not_of(const basic_string& str,
                                  size_type pos = 0) const;
      size_type find_first_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos,
                                  size_type n) const;
      size_type find_first_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
      size_type find_first_not_of(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const;
      size_type find_last_not_of (const basic_string& str,
                                  size_type pos = npos) const;
      size_type find_last_not_of (const charT* s, size_type pos,
                                  size_type n) const;
      size_type find_last_not_of (const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;
      size_type find_last_not_of (charT c, size_type pos = npos) const;
      basic_string substr(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos) const;
      int compare(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0,
                  size_type n = npos) const;
      int compare(charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
      int compare(charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
    };
  }

1 For  a char-like type charT, the template class basic_string describes
  objects that can store a sequence consisting of a  varying  number  of
  arbitrary  char-like objects.  The first element of the sequence is at

  position zero.  Such a sequence is also called a "string" if the given
  char-like  type  is  clear  from  context. In the rest of this clause,
  charT denotes a such given char-like type.  Storage for the string  is
  allocated  and  freed  as  necessary  by the member functions of class
  basic_string.

2 In all cases, size() <= capacity().

3 The functions described in this clause can report two kinds of errors,
  each associated with a distinct exception:

  --a  length  error  is associated with exceptions of type length_error
    (_lib.length.error_);

  --an  out-of-range  error  is  associated  with  exceptions  of   type
    out_of_range (_lib.out.of.range_).

  21.1.1.4  basic_string constructors                  [lib.string.cons]

1 In  all basic_string constructors, a copy of the Allocator argument is
  used for any memory allocation performed by the constructor or  member
  functions during the lifetime of the object.

  explicit basic_string(Allocator& = Allocator());

  Effects:
    Constructs  an  object of class basic_string.  The postconditions of
    this function are indicated in Table 2:

                      Table 2--basic_string() effects

                    +----------------------------------+
                    | Element            Value         |
                    +----------------------------------+
                    |data()       an unspecified value |
                    |size()       0                    |
                    |capacity()   an unspecified value |
                    +----------------------------------+

  basic_string(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str,
               size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos,
               Allocator& = Allocator());

  Requires:
    pos <= size()
  Throws:
    out_of_range if pos > str.size().
  Effects:
    Constructs an  object  of  class  basic_string  and  determines  the

    effective  length rlen of the initial string value as the smaller of
    n and str.size() - pos, as indicated in Table 3:

      Table 3--basic_string(basic_string,size_type,size_type) effects

             +-------------------------------------------------+
             | Element                    Value                |
             +-------------------------------------------------+
             |data()       points at the first element  of  an |
             |             allocated  copy of rlen elements of |
             |             the string controlled by str begin­ |
             |             ning at position pos                |
             |size()       rlen                                |
             |capacity()   a value at least as large as size() |
             +-------------------------------------------------+

  basic_string(const charT* s, size_type n,
               Allocator& = Allocator());

  Requires:
    s shall not be a null pointer.
  Effects:
    Constructs  an  object of class basic_string and determines its ini­
    tial string value from the array of charT of length  n  whose  first
    element is designated by s, as indicated in Table 4:

           Table 4--basic_string(const charT*,size_type) effects

             +-------------------------------------------------+
             | Element                    Value                |
             +-------------------------------------------------+
             |data()       points  at  the first element of an |
             |             allocated copy of the  array  whose |
             |             first element is pointed at by s    |
             |size()       n                                   |
             |capacity()   a value at least as large as size() |
             +-------------------------------------------------+

  basic_string(const charT* s, Allocator& = Allocator());

  Requires:
    s shall not be a null pointer.
  Effects:
    Constructs  an  object of class basic_string and determines its ini­
    tial  string   value   from   the   array   of   charT   of   length
    traits::length(s)  whose first element is designated by  s, as indi­
    cated in Table 5:

                Table 5--basic_string(const charT*) effects

             +-------------------------------------------------+
             | Element                    Value                |
             +-------------------------------------------------+
             |data()       points at the first element  of  an |
             |             allocated  copy  of the array whose |
             |             first element is pointed at by s    |
             |size()       traits::length(s)                   |
             |capacity()   a value at least as large as size() |
             +-------------------------------------------------+
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  basic_string(size_type n, charT c, Allocator& = Allocator());

  Requires:
    n < npos
  Throws:
    length_error if n == npos.
  Effects:
    Constructs an object of class basic_string and determines  its  ini­
    tial string value by repeating the char-like object c for all n ele­
    ments, as indicated in Table 6:

               Table 6--basic_string(charT,size_type) effects

             +-------------------------------------------------+
             | Element                    Value                |
             +-------------------------------------------------+
             |data()       points at the first element  of  an |
             |             allocated array of n elements, each |
             |             storing the initial value c         |
             |size()       n                                   |
             |capacity()   a value at least as large as size() |
             +-------------------------------------------------+

  template<class InputIterator>
    basic_string(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end,
                 Allocator& = Allocator());

  Effects:
    Constructs a string from the values in the range  [begin,  end),  as
    indicated in Table 7:

                  Table 7--basic_string(begin,end) effects

             +-------------------------------------------------+
             | Element                    Value                |
             +-------------------------------------------------+
             |data()       points  at  the first element of an |
             |             allocated copy of the  elements  in |
             |             the range [first,last)              |
             |size()       distance between first and last     |
             |capacity()   a value at least as large as size() |
             +-------------------------------------------------+
  Notes:
    see Table ___, subclause _lib.sequence.requirements_.

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    operator=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str);

  Returns:
    *this = basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(str).

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    operator=(const charT* s);

  Returns:
    *this = basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& operator=(charT c);

  Returns:
    *this = basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(c).

  21.1.1.5  basic_string iterator support         [lib.string.iterators]

  iterator       begin();
  const_iterator begin() const;

  Returns:
    an iterator referring to the first character in the string.

  iterator       end();
  const_iterator end() const;

  Returns:
    an iterator which is the past-the-end value.

  reverse_iterator       rbegin();
  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const;

  Returns:
    an     iterator     which     is    semantically    equivalent    to
    reverse_iterator(end()).

  reverse_iterator       rend();
  const_reverse_iterator rend() const;

  Returns:
    an    iterator    which    is     semantically     equivalent     to
    reverse_iterator(begin()).

  21.1.1.6  basic_string capacity                  [lib.string.capacity]

  size_type size() const;

  Returns:
    a  count of the number of char-like objects currently in the string.
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  size_type length() const;

  Returns:
    size().

  size_type max_size() const;

  Returns:
    The maximum size of the string.

  void resize(size_type n, charT c);

  Requires:
    n != npos
  Throws:
    length_error if n == npos.
  Effects:
    Alters the length of the string designated by *this as follows:

  --If n <= size(), the function replaces the string designated by *this
    with  a  string of length n whose elements are a copy of the initial

    elements of the original string designated by *this.

  --If n > size(), the function replaces the string designated by  *this
    with  a string of length n whose first size() elements are a copy of
    the original string designated by *this, and  whose  remaining  ele­
    ments are all initialized to c.

  void resize(size_type n);

  Returns:
    resize(n,eos()).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::eos().

  size_type capacity() const;

  Returns:
    the size of the allocated storage in the string.

  void reserve(size_type res_arg);

1 The   member   function  reserve()  is  a  directive  that  informs  a
  basic_string of a planned change in size, so that it  can  manage  the
  storage allocation accordingly.
  Effects:
    After  reserve(),  capacity() is greater or equal to the argument of
    reserve if reallocation happens; and equal to the previous value  of
    capacity() otherwise.
    Reallocation happens at this point if and only if the current capac­
    ity is less than the argument of reserve().
  Complexity:
    It does not change the size of the sequence and takes at most linear
    time in the size of the sequence.
  Notes:
    Reallocation invalidates all the references, pointers, and iterators
    referring to the elements in the sequence.  It is guaranteed that no
    reallocation  takes  place  during  the insertions that happen after
    reserve() takes place till the time when  the  size  of  the  string
    reaches the size specified by reserve().

  bool empty() const;

  Returns:
    size() == 0.

  21.1.1.7  basic_string element access              [lib.string.access]

  charT     operator[](size_type pos) const;
  reference operator[](size_type pos);

  Returns:
    If  pos < size(), returns data()[pos].  Otherwise, if pos == size(),
    the const version returns traits::eos().  Otherwise, the behavior is
    undefined.
  Notes:
    The reference returned by the non-const version is invalid after any
    subsequent call to c_str(), data(), or any non-const member function
    for the object.

  const_reference at(size_type n) const;
  reference       at(size_type n);

  Requires:
    pos < size()
  Throws:
    out_of_range if pos >= size().
  Returns:
    operator[](pos).

  21.1.1.8  basic_string modifiers                [lib.string.modifiers]

  21.1.1.8.1  basic_string::operator+=                [lib.string::op+=]

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    operator+=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    append(rhs).

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& operator+=(const charT* s);

  Returns:
    *this += basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& operator+=(charT c);

  Returns:
    *this += basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(c).

  21.1.1.8.2  basic_string::append                  [lib.string::append]

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    append(const basic_string<charT,traits>& str, size_type pos = 0,
           size_type n = npos);

  Requires:
    pos <= size()
  Throws:
    out_of_range if pos > str.size().
  Effects:
    Determines  the effective length rlen of the string to append as the
    smaller of n  and  str.size()  -  pos.   The  function  then  throws
    length_error if size() >= npos - rlen.
    Otherwise, the function replaces the string controlled by *this with
    a string of length size() + rlen whose first size() elements  are  a
    copy  of the original string controlled by *this and whose remaining
    elements are a copy of the initial elements of the string controlled
    by str beginning at position pos.
  Returns:
    *this.

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    append(const charT* s, size_type n);

  Returns:
    append(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s,n)).

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& append(const charT* s);

  Returns:
    append(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s)).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    append(size_type n, charT c = charT());

  Returns:
    append(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(c,n)).

  template<class InputIterator>
    basic_string& append(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);

  Returns:
    append(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(first,last)).

  21.1.1.8.3  basic_string::assign                  [lib.string::assign]

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    assign(const basic_string<charT,traits>& str, size_type pos = 0,
           size_type n = npos);

  Requires:
    pos <= size()
  Throws:
    out_of_range if pos > str.size().
  Effects:
    Determines  the effective length rlen of the string to assign as the
    smaller of n and str.size() - pos.
    The function then replaces the string controlled  by  *this  with  a
    string  of  length rlen whose elements are a copy of the string con­
    trolled by str beginning at position pos.
  Returns:
    *this.

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    assign(const charT* s, size_type n);

  Returns:
    assign(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s,n)).

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& assign(const charT* s);

  Returns:
    assign(basic_string(s)).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    assign(size_type n, charT c = charT());

  Returns:
    assign(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(c,n)).

  template<class InputIterator>
    basic_string& assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);

  Returns:
    assign(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(first,last)).

  21.1.1.8.4  basic_string::insert                  [lib.string::insert]

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    insert(size_type pos1,
           const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str,
           size_type pos2 = 0, size_type n = npos);

  Requires
    pos1 <= size()
  Throws:
    out_of_range if pos1 > size() or pos2 > str.size().
  Effects:
    Determines the effective length rlen of the string to insert as  the
    smaller  of  n  and  str.size() - pos2.  Then throws length_error if
    size() >= npos - rlen.
    Otherwise, the function replaces the string controlled by *this with
    a  string  of  length  size() + rlen whose first pos1 elements are a
    copy of the initial elements of the original  string  controlled  by
    *this,  whose  next  rlen elements are a copy of the elements of the
    string controlled by str  beginning  at  position  pos2,  and  whose
    remaining elements are a copy of the remaining elements of the orig­
    inal string controlled by *this.
  Returns:
    *this.

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    insert(size_type pos, const charT* s, size_type n);

  Returns:
    insert(pos,basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s,n)).

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    insert(size_type pos, const charT* s);

  Returns:
    insert(pos,basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s)).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    insert(size_type pos, size_type n, charT c = charT());

  Returns:
    insert(pos,basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(c,n)).

  iterator insert(iterator p, charT c = charT());

  Requires:
    p is a valid iterator on *this.
  Effects:
    inserts a copy of c before the character referred to by p.
  Returns:
    p.

  iterator insert(iterator p, size_type n, charT c = charT());

  Requires:
    p is a valid iterator on *this.
  Effects:
    inserts n copies of c before the character referrred to by p.

  template<class InputIterator>
    void insert(iterator p, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);

  Requires:
    p is a valid iterator on *this.  [first,last) is a valid range.
  Effects:
    inserts copies of the characters in the  range  [first,last)  before
    the character referrred to by p.

  21.1.1.8.5  basic_string::remove                  [lib.string::remove]

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    remove(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos);

  Requires:
    pos  <= size()
  Throws:
    out_of_range if pos  > size().
  Effects:
    Determines  the effective length xlen of the string to be removed as
    the smaller of n and size() - pos.
    The function then replaces the string controlled  by  *this  with  a
    string  of  length size() - xlen whose first pos elements are a copy
    of the initial elements of the original string controlled by  *this,
    and whose remaining elements are a copy of the elements of the orig­
    inal string controlled by *this beginning at position pos + xlen.
  Returns:
    *this.

  basic_string& remove(iterator p);

  Requires:
    p is a valid iterator on *this.
  Effects:
    removes the character referred to by p  and  calls  the  character's

    destructor.
  Returns:
    *this.

  basic_string& remove(iterator first, iterator last);

  Requires:
    first  and  last  are  valid  iterators  on  *this, defining a range
    [first,last).
  Effects:
    removes the characters in the range [first,last) and calls the char­
    acter's destructor.
  Complexity:
    the destructor is called a number of times exactly equal to the size
    of the range.
  Returns:
    *this.

  21.1.1.8.6  basic_string::replace                [lib.string::replace]

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1,
            const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str,
            size_type pos2 = 0, size_type n2 = npos);

  Requires:
    pos1 <= size() && pos2 <= size().
  Throws:
    out_of_range if pos1 > size() or pos2 > str.size().
  Effects:
    Determines the effective length xlen of the string to be removed  as
    the smaller of n1 and size() - &pos1.  It also determines the effec­
    tive length rlen of the string to be inserted as the smaller  of  n2
    and str.size() - pos2 .
    Throws length_error if size() - xlen >= npos - rlen.
    Otherwise, the function replaces the string controlled by *this with
    a string of length size() - xlen + rlen whose  first  pos1  elements
    are a copy of the initial elements of the original string controlled
    by *this, whose next rlen elements are a copy of  the  initial  ele­
    ments  of  the  string controlled by str beginning at position pos2,
    and whose remaining elements are a copy of the elements of the orig­
    inal string controlled by *this beginning at position pos1 + xlen.
  Returns:
    *this.

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, const charT* s, size_type n2);

  Returns:
    replace(pos,n1,basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s,n2)).

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, const charT* s);

  Returns:
    replace(pos,n1,basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s)).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&
    replace(size_type pos, size_type n, charT c = charT());

  Returns:
    replace(pos,n,basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(c,n)).

  basic_string& replace(iterator i1, iterator i2, const basic_string& str);

  Requires:
    The  iterators  i1  and  i2 are valid iterators on *this, defining a
    range [i1,i2).
  Effects:
    Replaces the string controlled by *this  with  a  string  of  length
    size()  -  (i2  - i1) + str.size() whose first begin() - i1 elements
    are a copy of the initial elements of the original string controlled
    by  *this,  whose  next str.size() elements are a copy of the string
    controlled by str, and whose remaining elements are a  copy  of  the
    elements  of  the  original  string controlled by *this beginning at
    position i2.
  Returns:
    *this.
  Notes:
    After the call, the  length  of  the  string  will  be  changed  by:
    str.size() - (i2 - i1).

  basic_string&
    replace(iterator i1, iterator i2, const charT* s, size_type n);

  Returns:
    replace(i1,i2,basic_string(s,n)).
  Notes:
    Length change: n - (i2 - i1).

  basic_string& replace(iterator i1, iterator i2, const charT* s);

  Returns:
    replace(i1,i2,basic_string(s)).
  Notes:
    Length change: traits::length(s) - (i2 - i1).
    Uses traits::length().

  basic_string& replace(iterator i1, iterator i2, size_type n,
                        charT c = charT());

  Returns:
    replace(i1,i2,basic_string(n,c)).
  Notes:
    Length change: n - (i2 - i1).

  template<class InputIterator>
    basic_string& replace(iterator i1, iterator i2,
                          InputIterator j1, InputIterator j2);

  Returns:
    replace(i1,i2,basic_string(j1,j2)).
  Notes:
    Length change: j2 - j1 - (i2 - i1).

  21.1.1.8.7  basic_string::copy                      [lib.string::copy]

  size_type copy(charT* s, size_type n, size_type pos = 0);

  Requires:
    pos <= size()
  Throws:
    out_of_range if pos > size().
  Effects:
    Determines  the  effective  length rlen of the string to copy as the
    smaller of n and size() - pos.  s shall designate  an  array  of  at
    least rlen elements.
    The  function then replaces the string designated by s with a string
    of length rlen whose elements are a copy of the string controlled by
    *this beginning at position pos.
  Notes:
    The function does not append a null object to the string.
  Returns:
    rlen.

  21.1.1.8.8  basic_string::swap                      [lib.string::swap]

  void swap(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& s);

  Effects:
    Swaps the contents of the two strings.
  Postcondition:
    *this contains the characters that were in s, s contains the charac­
    ters that were in *this.
  Complexity:
    Constant time.

  21.1.1.9  basic_string string operations              [lib.string.ops]

  const charT* c_str() const;

  Returns:
    A pointer to the initial element of an array of length  size()  +  1
    whose  first size() elements equal the corresponding elements of the
    string controlled by *this and whose last element is a null  charac­
    ter specified by traits::eos().
  Requires:
    The  program  shall not alter any of the values stored in the array.
    Nor shall the program treat the returned value as  a  valid  pointer
    value  after  any  subsequent call to a non-const member function of
    the class basic_string that designates the same object as this.
  Notes:
    Uses traits::eos().

  const charT* data() const;

  Returns:
    c_str() if size() is nonzero, otherwise a null pointer.
  Requires:
    The program shall not alter any of the values stored in the  charac­
    ter  array.   Nor  shall  the  program treat the returned value as a
    valid pointer value after any subsequent call to a non- const member
    function of basic_string that designates the same object as this.

  21.1.1.9.1  basic_string::find                      [lib.string::find]

  size_type find(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str,
                 size_type pos = 0) const;

  Effects:
    Determines  the lowest position xpos, if possible, such that both of
    the following conditions obtain:

  --pos <= xpos and xpos + str.size() <= size();

  --at(xpos+I) == str.at(I) for all elements I of the string  controlled
    by str.
  Returns:
    xpos  if  the  function can determine such a value for xpos.  Other­
    wise, returns npos.
  Notes:
    Uses traits::eq().

  size_type find(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;

  Returns:
    find(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s,n)pos).

  size_type find(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;

  Returns:
    find(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s),pos).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  size_type find(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const;

  Returns:
    find(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(c),pos).

  21.1.1.9.2  basic_string::rfind                    [lib.string::rfind]

  size_type rfind(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str,
                  size_type pos = npos) const;

  Effects:
    Determines the highest position xpos, if possible, such that both of
    the following conditions obtain:

  --xpos <= pos and xpos + str.size() <= size();

  --at(xpos+I)  == str.at(I) for all elements I of the string controlled
    by str.
  Returns:
    xpos if the function can determine such a value  for  xpos.   Other­
    wise, returns npos.
  Notes:
    Uses traits::eq().

  size_type rfind(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;

  Returns:
    rfind(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s,n),pos).

  size_type rfind(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;

  Returns:
    rfind(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s),pos).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  size_type rfind(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const;

  Returns:
    rfind(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(c,n),pos).

  21.1.1.9.3                                 [lib.string::find.first.of]
       basic_string::find_first_of

  size_type
    find_first_of(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str,
                  size_type pos = 0) const;

  Effects:
    Determines the lowest position xpos, if possible, such that both  of
    the following conditions obtain:

  --pos <= xpos and xpos < size();

  --at(xpos) == str.at(I) for some element I of the string controlled by
    str.
  Returns:
    xpos if the function can determine such a value  for  xpos.   Other­
    wise, returns npos.
  Notes:
    Uses traits::eq().

  size_type
    find_first_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;

  Returns:
    find_first_of(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s,n),pos).

  size_type find_first_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;

  Returns:
    find_first_of(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s),pos).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  size_type find_first_of(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const;

  Returns:
    find_first_of(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(c),pos).

  21.1.1.9.4  basic_string::find_last_of      [lib.string::find.last.of]

  size_type
    find_last_of(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str,
                 size_type pos = npos) const;

  Effects:
    Determines the highest position xpos, if possible, such that both of
    the following conditions obtain:

  --xpos <= pos and pos < size();

  --at(xpos) == str.at(I) for some element I of the string controlled by
    str.
  Returns:
    xpos if the function can determine such a value  for  xpos.   Other­
    wise, returns npos.
  Notes:
    Uses traits::eq().

  size_type find_last_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;

  Returns:
    find_last_of(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s,n),pos).

  size_type find_last_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;

  Returns:
    find_last_of(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s),pos).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  size_type find_last_of(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const;

  Returns:
    find_last_of(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(c),pos).

  21.1.1.9.5                             [lib.string::find.first.not.of]
       basic_string::find_first_not_of

  size_type
    find_first_not_of(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str,
                      size_type pos = 0) const;

  Effects:
    Determines  the lowest position xpos, if possible, such that both of
    the following conditions obtain:

  --pos <= xpos and xpos < size();

  --at(xpos) == str.at(I) for no element I of the string  controlled  by
    str.
  Returns:
    xpos  if  the  function can determine such a value for xpos.  Other­
    wise, returns npos.

  Notes:
    Uses traits::eq().

  size_type
    find_first_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;

  Returns:
    find_first_not_of(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s,n),pos).

  size_type find_first_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;

  Returns:
    find_first_not_of(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s),pos).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  size_type find_first_not_of(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const;

  Returns:
    find_first_not_of(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(c),pos).

  21.1.1.9.6                              [lib.string::find.last.not.of]
       basic_string::find_last_not_of

  size_type
    find_last_not_of(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str,
                     size_type pos = npos) const;

  Effects:
    Determines the highest position xpos, if possible, such that both of
    the following conditions obtain:

  --xpos <= pos and pos < size();

  --at(xpos)  == str.at(I)) for no element I of the string controlled by
    str.
  Returns:
    xpos if the function can determine such a value  for  xpos.   Other­
    wise, returns npos.
  Notes:
    Uses traits::eq().

  size_type find_last_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos,
                             size_type n) const;

  Returns:
    find_last_not_of(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s,n),pos).

  size_type find_last_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;

  Returns:
    find_last_not_of(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s),pos).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  size_type find_last_not_of(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const;

  Returns:
    find_last_not_of(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(c),pos).

  21.1.1.9.7  basic_string::substr                  [lib.string::substr]

  basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>
    substr(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos) const;

  Requires:
    pos <= size()
  Throws:
    out_of_range if pos > size().
  Effects:
    Determines  the  effective  length rlen of the string to copy as the
    smaller of n and size() - pos.
  Returns:
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(data()+pos,rlen).

  21.1.1.9.8  basic_string::compare                [lib.string::compare]

  int compare(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str,
              size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos)

  Requires:
    pos <= size()
  Throws:
    out_of_range if pos > size().
  Effects:
    Determines the effective length rlen of the strings  to  compare  as
    the smallest of n, size() - pos , and str.size().  The function then
    compares       the       two        strings        by        calling
    traits::compare(data()+pos,str.data(),rlen).
  Returns:
    the nonzero result if the result of the comparison is nonzero.  Oth­
    erwise, returns a value as indicated in Table 8:

                         Table 8--compare() results

                 +----------------------------------------+
                 |       Condition           Return Value |
                 +----------------------------------------+
                 |size()-pos <  str.size()   < 0          |
                 |size()-pos == str.size()     0          |
                 |size()-pos >  str.size()   > 0          |
                 +----------------------------------------+
  Notes:
    Uses traits::compare().

  int compare(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;

  Returns:
    compare(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s,n),pos).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::compare().

  int compare(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;

  Returns:
    compare(basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(s),pos).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length() and traits::compare().

  21.1.1.10  basic_string non-member             [lib.string.nonmembers]
       functions

  21.1.1.10.1  operator+                               [lib.string::op+]

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>
      operator+(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs.append(rhs).

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>
      operator+(const charT* lhs,
                const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(lhs) + rhs.

  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>
      operator+(charT lhs,
                const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(lhs) + rhs.

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>
      operator+(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                const charT* rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs + basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(rhs).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>
      operator+(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                charT rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs + basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(rhs).

  21.1.1.10.2  operator==                       [lib.string::operator==]

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator==(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs.compare(rhs) == 0.

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator==(const charT* lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(lhs) == rhs.

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator==(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                    const charT* rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs == basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(rhs).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  21.1.1.10.3  operator!=                             [lib.string::op!=]

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator!=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    !(lhs == rhs).

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator!=(const charT* lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(lhs) != rhs.

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator!=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                    const charT* rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs != basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(rhs).
  Notes:
    Uses traits::length().

  21.1.1.10.4  operator<                               [lib.string::op<]

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator< (const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs.compare(rhs) < 0.

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator< (const charT* lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(lhs) < rhs.

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator< (const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                    const charT* rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs < basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(rhs).

  21.1.1.10.5  operator>                               [lib.string::op>]

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator> (const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs.compare(rhs) > 0.

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator> (const charT* lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(lhs) > rhs.

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator> (const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                    const charT* rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs > basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(rhs).

  21.1.1.10.6  operator<=                             [lib.string::op<=]

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator<=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs.compare(rhs) <= 0.

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator<=(const charT* lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(lhs) <= rhs.

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator<=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                    const charT* rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs <= basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(rhs).

  21.1.1.10.7  operator>=                             [lib.string::op>=]

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator>=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs.compare(rhs) >= 0.

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator>=(const charT* lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);

  Returns:
    basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(lhs) >= rhs.

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator>=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
                    const charT* rhs);

  Returns:
    lhs <= basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>(rhs).

  21.1.1.10.8  Inserters and extractors

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_istream<charT>&
      operator>>(basic_istream<charT>& is,
                 basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str);

  Notes:
    Uses traits::char_in and is_del().

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_ostream<charT>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<charT>& os,
                 const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str);

  Notes:
    Uses traits::char_out().

  template<class charT, class IS_traits, class STR_traits,
           class STR_Alloc>
    basic_istream<charT,IS_traits>&
      getline(basic_istream<charT,IS_traits>& is,
              basic_string<charT,STR_traits,STR_Alloc>& str,
              charT delim = IS_traits::newline() );

  Effects:
    An  unformatted  input  function,  extracts  a line (as delimited by
    delim) from is into str.
    The string is initially made empty by calling  str.remove(0).   Each
    extracted  character  c  is appended as if by calling str.append(c).
    Characters are extracted and appended until  any  of  the  following
    occurs:

  --npos  -  1 characters are appended (in which case the function calls
    is.setstate(failbit),    which    may    throw     ios_base::failure
    (_lib.iostate.flags_)).

  --end of file occurs on the input sequence (in which case the function
    calls  is.setstate(eofbit),  which   may   throw   ios_base::failure
    (_lib.iostate.flags_)).

  --c  ==  delim for the next available input character c (in which case
    the input character is extracted from is, but not appended to  str).
    If    the    function    appends    no    characters,    it    calls
    is.setstate(failbit),    which    may    throw     ios_base::failure
    (_lib.iostate.flags_).
  Returns:
    is.
  Notes:
    Uses STR_traits::char_in().

  21.1.2  Class string                                      [lib.string]
  namespace std {
    struct string_char_traits<char> {
      typedef char char_type;
      static void assign(char& c1, const char& c2);
      static bool eq(const char& c1, const char& c2);
      static bool ne(const char& c1, const char& c2);
      static bool lt(const char& c1, const char& c2);
      static char eos();
      static basic_istream<char>& char_in (basic_istream<char>& is, char& a);
      static basic_ostream<char>& char_out(basic_ostream<char>& os, char a);
      static bool is_del(char a); // characteristic function for delimiters
      static int compare(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);
      static size_type length(const char* s);
      static char* copy(char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);
    };
    typedef basic_string<char> string;
  }

  21.1.3  string_char_traits<char>           [lib.string.traits.members]
       members

  static void assign(char& c1, const char& c2);

  Effects:
    c1 = c2.

  static bool eq(const char& c1, const char& c2);

  Returns:
    c1 == c2.

  static bool ne(const char& c1, const char& c2);

  Returns:
    c1 != c2.

  static bool lt(const char& c1, const char& c2);

  Returns:
    c1 < c2.

  static char eos();

  Returns:
    0.

  basic_istream<char>& char_in (basic_istream<char>& is, char& a);

  Returns:
    is >> a .

  basic_ostream<char>& char_out(basic_ostream<char>& os, char a);

  Returns:
    os << a.

  bool is_del(char a);

  Returns:
    ::isspace(a).

  static int compare(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);

  Returns:
    ::memcmp(s1,s2,n).

  static size_type length(const char* s);

  Returns:
    ::strlen(s).

  static char* copy(char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);

  Returns:
    ::memcpy(s1,s2,n).

  21.1.4  Class wstring                                    [lib.wstring]
  namespace std {
    struct string_char_traits<wchar_t> {
      typedef wchar_t char_type;
      static void assign(wchar_t& c1, const wchar_t& c2);
      static bool eq(const wchar_t& c1, const wchar_t& c2);
      static bool ne(const wchar_t& c1, const wchar_t& c2);
      static bool lt(const wchar_t& c1, const wchar_t& c2);
      static wchar_t eos();
      static basic_istream<wchar_t>& char_in (basic_istream<wchar_t>& is, wchar_t& a);
      static basic_ostream<wchar_t>& char_out(basic_ostream<wchar_t>& os, wchar_t a);
      static bool is_del(wchar_t a); // characteristic function for delimiters
      static int compare(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
      static size_type length(const wchar_t* s);
      static wchar_t* copy(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
    };
    typedef basic_string<wchar_t> wstring;
  }

  21.1.5  string_char_traits<wchar_t> members      [lib.wstring.members]

  static void assign(wchar_t& c1, const wchar_t& c2);

  Effects:
    c1 = c2.

  static bool eq(const wchar_t& c1, const wchar_t& c2);

  Returns:
    c1 == c2.

  static bool ne(const wchar_t& c1, const wchar_t& c2);

  Returns:
    c1 != c2.

  static bool lt(const wchar_t& c1, const wchar_t& c2);

  Returns:
    c1 < c2.

  static wchar_t eos();

  Returns:
    0.

  basic_istream<wchar_t>& char_in (basic_istream<wchar_t>& is, wchar_t& a);

  Returns:
    is >> a .

  basic_ostream<wchar_t>& char_out(basic_ostream<wchar_t>& os, wchar_t a);

  Returns:
    os << a.

  bool is_del(wchar_t a);

  Returns:
    ::iswspace(a).

  static int compare(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);

  Returns:
    ::wmemcmp(s1,s2,n).

  static size_type length(const wchar_t* s);

  Returns:
    ::wcslen(s).

  static wchar_t* copy(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);

  Returns:
    ::wmemcpy(s1,s2,n).

  21.2  Null-terminated sequence utilities               [lib.c.strings]

1 Headers <cctype>, <cwctype>, <cstring>, <cwchar>, <cstdlib> (multibyte
  conversions), and <ciso646>.

                    Table 8--Header <cctype> synopsis

            +-------------------------------------------------+
            | Type                    Name(s)                 |
            +-------------------------------------------------+
            |Functions:                                       |
            |isalnum   isdigit   isprint   isupper    tolower |
            |isalpha   isgraph   ispunct   isxdigit   toupper |
            |iscntrl   islower   isspace                      |
            +-------------------------------------------------+

                    Table 8--Header <cwctype> synopsis

   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |  Type                            Name(s)                         |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |Macro:     WEOF <cwctype>                                         |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |Types:     wctrans_t   wctype_t   wint_t <cwctype>                |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |Functions:                                                        |
   |iswalnum   iswctype    iswlower   iswspace    towctrans   wctrans |
   |iswalpha   iswdigit    iswprint   iswupper    towlower    wctype  |
   |iswcntrl   iswgraph    iswpunct   iswxdigit   towupper            |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+

                    Table 8--Header <cstring> synopsis

            +-------------------------------------------------+
            | Type                    Name(s)                 |
            +-------------------------------------------------+
            |Macro:    NULL <cstring>                         |
            +-------------------------------------------------+
            |Type:     size_type <cstring>                    |
            +-------------------------------------------------+
            |Functions:                                       |
            |strcoll              strlen    strpbrk   strtok  |
            |strcat    strcpy     strncat   strrchr   strxfrm |
            |strchr    strcspn    strncmp   strspn            |
            |strcmp    strerror   strncpy   strstr            |
            +-------------------------------------------------+

                    Table 8--Header <cwchar> synopsis

  +------------------------------------------------------------------------+
  |  Type                               Name(s)                            |
  +------------------------------------------------------------------------+
  |Macros:    NULL <cwchar>   WCHAR_MAX   WCHAR_MIN   WEOF <cwchar>        |
  +------------------------------------------------------------------------+
  |Types:     mbstate_t       wint_t <cwchar>                              |
  +------------------------------------------------------------------------+
  |Functions:                                                              |
  |btowc      getwchar        ungetwc     wcscpy      wcsrtombs   wmemchr  |
  |fgetwc     mbrlen          vfwprintf   wcscspn     wcsspn      wmemcmp  |
  |fgetws     mbrtowc         vswprintf   wcsftime    wcsstr      wmemcpy  |
  |fputwc     mbsinit         vwprintf    wcslen      wcstod      wmemmove |
  |fputws     mbsrtowcs       wcrtomb     wcsncat     wcstok      wmemset  |
  |fwide      putwc           wcscat      wcsncmp     wcstol      wprintf  |
  |fwprintf   putwchar        wcschr      wcsncpy     wcstoul     wscanf   |
  |fwscanf    swprintf        wcscmp      wcspbrk     wcsxfrm              |
  |getwc      swscanf         wcscoll     wcsrchr     wctob                |
  +------------------------------------------------------------------------+

                    Table 8--Header <cstdlib> synopsis

                +-----------------------------------------+
                | Type                Name(s)             |
                +-----------------------------------------+
                |Macros:   MB_CUR_MAX                     |
                +-----------------------------------------+
                |Functions:                               |
                |atol      mblen        strtod   wctomb   |
                |atof      mbstowcs     strtol   wcstombs |
                |atoi      mbtowc       stroul            |
                +-----------------------------------------+

2 The contents are the same as the Standard C library, with the  follow­
  ing modifications:

3 None of the headers shall define the type wchar_t (_lex.key_).

4 The function signature strchr(const char*, int) is replaced by the two
  declarations:

  const char* strchr(const char* s, int c);
        char* strchr(      char* s, int c);

5 both of which have the same behavior as the original declaration.

6 The function signature strpbrk(const char*, const char*)  is  replaced
  by the two declarations:

  const char* strpbrk(const char* s1, const char* s2);
        char* strpbrk(      char* s1, const char* s2);

7 both of which have the same behavior as the original declaration.

8 The  function  signature  strrchr(const char*, int) is replaced by the
  two declarations:

  const char* strrchr(const char* s, int c);
        char* strrchr(      char* s, int c);

9 both of which have the same behavior as the original declaration.

10The function signature strstr(const char*, const char*) is replaced by
  the two declarations:

  const char* strstr(const char* s1, const char* s2);
        char* strstr(      char* s1, const char* s2);

11both of which have the same behavior as the original declaration.

12The function signature memchr(const void*, int, size_t) is replaced by
  the two declarations:

  const void* memchr(const void* s, int c, size_t n);
        void* memchr(      void* s, int c, size_t n);

13both of which have the same behavior as the original declaration.

14The function signature wcschr(const wchar_t*, wchar_t) is replaced  by
  the two declarations:

  const wchar_t* wcschr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
        wchar_t* wcschr(      wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);

15both of which have the same behavior as the original declaration.

16The  function  signature  wcspbrk(const wchar_t*,  const wchar_t*)  is
  replaced by the two declarations:

  const wchar_t* wcspbrk(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
        wchar_t* wcspbrk(      wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);

17both of which have the same behavior as the original declaration.

18The function signature wcsrchr(const wchar_t*, wchar_t) is replaced by
  the two declarations:

  const wchar_t* wcsrchr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
        wchar_t* wcsrchr(      wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);

19both of which have the same behavior as the original declaration.

20The   function  signature  wcswcs(const wchar_t*,  const wchar_t*)  is
  replaced by the two declarations:

  const wchar_t* wcsstr(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
        wchar_t* wcsstr(      wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);

21both of which have the same behavior as the original declaration.

22The function  signature  wmemchr(const wwchar_t_t*,  int,  size_t)  is
  replaced by the two declarations:

  const wchar_t* wmemchr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
        wchar_t* wmemchr(      wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n);

23both of which have the same behavior as the original declaration.

  SEE ALSO:  ISO C subclauses 7.3, 7.10.7, 7.10.8, and  7.11.  Amendment
  1 subclauses 4.4, 4.5, and 4.6.