EExx RReeffeerreennccee MMaannuuaall VVeerrssiioonn 33..77 _W_i_l_l_i_a_m _J_o_y _M_a_r_k _H_o_r_t_o_n Computer Science Division Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, Ca. 94720 _A_B_S_T_R_A_C_T _E_x a line oriented text editor, which supports both command and display oriented editing. This refer- ence manual describes the command oriented part of _e_x_; the display editing features of _e_x are described in _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i_. Other docu- ments about the editor include the introduction _E_d_i_t_: _A _t_u_t_o_r_i_a_l, the _E_x_/_e_d_i_t _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _S_u_m_m_a_r_y, and a _V_i _Q_u_i_c_k _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e card. 11.. SSttaarrttiinngg eexx Each instance of the editor has a set of options, which can be set to tailor it to your liking. The command _e_d_i_t invokes a version of _e_x designed for more casual or beginning users by changing the default settings of some of these options. To sim- plify the description which follows we assume the default set- tings of the options. When invoked, _e_x determines the terminal type from the TERM variable in the environment. It there is a TERMCAP variable in the environment, and the type of the terminal described there matches the TERM variable, then that description is used. Also if the TERMCAP variable contains a pathname (beginning with a //) then the editor will seek the description of the terminal in that file (rather than the default /etc/termcap). If there is a vari- able EXINIT in the environment, then the editor will execute the commands in that variable, otherwise if there is a file _._e_x_r_c in your HOME directory _e_x reads commands from that file, simulating a _s_o_u_r_c_e command. Option setting commands placed in EXINIT or _._e_x_r_c will be executed before each editor session. ----------- The financial support of an IBM Graduate Fellowship and the National Science Foundation under grants MCS74-07644-A03 and MCS78-07291 is gratefully acknowledged. USD:12-2 Ex Reference Manual A command to enter _e_x has the following prototype:|- eexx [ -- ] [ --vv ] [ --tt _t_a_g ] [ --rr ] [ --ll ] [ --ww_n ] [ --xx ] [ --RR ] [ ++_c_o_m_m_a_n_d ] name ... The most common case edits a single file with no options, i.e.: eexx name The -- command line option option suppresses all interactive-user feedback and is useful in processing editor scripts in command files. The --vv option is equivalent to using _v_i rather than _e_x_. The --tt option is equivalent to an initial _t_a_g command, editing the file containing the _t_a_g and positioning the editor at its definition. The --rr option is used in recovering after an editor or system crash, retrieving the last saved version of the named file or, if no file is specified, typing a list of saved files. The --ll option sets up for editing LISP, setting the _s_h_o_w_m_a_t_c_h and _l_i_s_p options. The --ww option sets the default window size to _n_, and is useful on dialups to start in small windows. The --xx option causes _e_x to prompt for a _k_e_y, which is used to encrypt and decrypt the contents of the file, which should already be encrypted using the same key, see _c_r_y_p_t(1). The --RR option sets the _r_e_a_d_o_n_l_y option at the start. _N_a_m_e arguments indicate files to be edited. An argument of the form ++_c_o_m_m_a_n_d indicates that the editor should begin by executing the specified command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is omitted, then it defaults to ``$'', positioning the editor at the last line of the first file initially. Other use- ful commands here are scanning patterns of the form ``/pat'' or line numbers, e.g. ``+100'' starting at line 100. 22.. FFiillee mmaanniippuullaattiioonn 22..11.. CCuurrrreenntt ffiillee _E_x is normally editing the contents of a single file, whose name is recorded in the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t file name. _E_x performs all edit- ing actions in a buffer (actually a temporary file) into which the text of the file is initially read. Changes made to the buffer have no effect on the file being edited unless and until the buffer contents are written out to the file with a _w_r_i_t_e com- mand. After the buffer contents are written, the previous con- tents of the written file are no longer accessible. When a file is edited, its name becomes the current file name, and its con- tents are read into the buffer. The current file is almost always considered to be _e_d_i_t_e_d_. This means that the contents of the buffer are logically con- nected with the current file name, so that writing the current buffer contents onto that file, even if it exists, is a reason- able action. If the current file is not _e_d_i_t_e_d then _e_x will not normally write on it if it already exists.* ----------- |- Brackets `[' `]' surround optional parameters here. * The _f_i_l_e command will say ``[Not edited]'' if the current file Ex Reference Manual USD:12-3 22..22.. AAlltteerrnnaattee ffiillee Each time a new value is given to the current file name, the previous current file name is saved as the _a_l_t_e_r_n_a_t_e file name. Similarly if a file is mentioned but does not become the current file, it is saved as the alternate file name. 22..33.. FFiilleennaammee eexxppaannssiioonn Filenames within the editor may be specified using the nor- mal shell expansion conventions. In addition, the character `%' in filenames is replaced by the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t file name and the charac- ter `#' by the _a_l_t_e_r_n_a_t_e file name.|- 22..44.. MMuullttiippllee ffiilleess aanndd nnaammeedd bbuuffffeerrss If more than one file is given on the command line, then the first file is edited as described above. The remaining arguments are placed with the first file in the _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t _l_i_s_t_. The current argument list may be displayed with the _a_r_g_s command. The next file in the argument list may be edited with the _n_e_x_t command. The argument list may also be respecified by specifying a list of names to the _n_e_x_t command. These names are expanded, the result- ing list of names becomes the new argument list, and _e_x edits the first file on the list. For saving blocks of text while editing, and especially when editing more than one file, _e_x has a group of named buffers. These are similar to the normal buffer, except that only a lim- ited number of operations are available on them. The buffers have names _a through _z_._|_= 22..55.. RReeaadd oonnllyy It is possible to use _e_x in _r_e_a_d _o_n_l_y mode to look at files that you have no intention of modifying. This mode protects you from accidently overwriting the file. Read only mode is on when the _r_e_a_d_o_n_l_y option is set. It can be turned on with the --RR com- mand line option, by the _v_i_e_w command line invocation, or by set- ting the _r_e_a_d_o_n_l_y option. It can be cleared by setting _n_o_r_e_a_d_- _o_n_l_y. It is possible to write, even while in read only mode, by indicating that you really know what you are doing. You can write to a different file, or can use the ! form of write, even while in read only mode. ----------- is not considered edited. |- This makes it easy to deal alternately with two files and elim- inates the need for retyping the name supplied on an _e_d_i_t command after a _N_o _w_r_i_t_e _s_i_n_c_e _l_a_s_t _c_h_a_n_g_e diagnostic is received. |= It is also possible to refer to _A through _Z_; the upper case buffers are the same as the lower but commands append to named buffers rather than replacing if upper case names are used. USD:12-4 Ex Reference Manual 33.. EExxcceeppttiioonnaall CCoonnddiittiioonnss 33..11.. EErrrroorrss aanndd iinntteerrrruuppttss When errors occur _e_x (optionally) rings the terminal bell and, in any case, prints an error diagnostic. If the primary input is from a file, editor processing will terminate. If an interrupt signal is received, _e_x prints ``Interrupt'' and returns to its command level. If the primary input is a file, then _e_x will exit when this occurs. 33..22.. RReeccoovveerriinngg ffrroomm hhaanngguuppss aanndd ccrraasshheess If a hangup signal is received and the buffer has been modi- fied since it was last written out, or if the system crashes, either the editor (in the first case) or the system (after it reboots in the second) will attempt to preserve the buffer. The next time you log in you should be able to recover the work you were doing, losing at most a few lines of changes from the last point before the hangup or editor crash. To recover a file you can use the --rr option. If you were editing the file _r_e_s_u_m_e_, then you should change to the directory where you were when the crash occurred, giving the command eexx --rr _r_e_s_u_m_e After checking that the retrieved file is indeed ok, you can _w_r_i_t_e it over the previous contents of that file. You will normally get mail from the system telling you when a file has been saved after a crash. The command eexx -rr will print a list of the files which have been saved for you. (In the case of a hangup, the file will not appear in the list, although it can be recovered.) 44.. EEddiittiinngg mmooddeess _E_x has five distinct modes. The primary mode is _c_o_m_m_a_n_d mode. Commands are entered in command mode when a `:' prompt is present, and are executed each time a complete line is sent. In _t_e_x_t _i_n_p_u_t mode _e_x gathers input lines and places them in the file. The _a_p_p_e_n_d_, _i_n_s_e_r_t_, and _c_h_a_n_g_e commands use text input mode. No prompt is printed when you are in text input mode. This mode is left by typing a `.' alone at the beginning of a line, and _c_o_m_m_a_n_d mode resumes. The last three modes are _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l modes, entered by the commands of the same name, and, within open and visual modes _t_e_x_t _i_n_s_e_r_t_i_o_n mode. _O_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l modes allow local editing operations to be performed on the text in the file. The _o_p_e_n command displays one line at a time on any terminal while _v_i_s_u_a_l Ex Reference Manual USD:12-5 works on CRT terminals with random positioning cursors, using the screen as a (single) window for file editing changes. These modes are described (only) in _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i_. 55.. CCoommmmaanndd ssttrruuccttuurree Most command names are English words, and initial prefixes of the words are acceptable abbreviations. The ambiguity of abbreviations is resolved in favor of the more commonly used com- mands.* 55..11.. CCoommmmaanndd ppaarraammeetteerrss Most commands accept prefix addresses specifying the lines in the file upon which they are to have effect. The forms of these addresses will be discussed below. A number of commands also may take a trailing _c_o_u_n_t specifying the number of lines to be involved in the command.|- Thus the command ``10p'' will print the tenth line in the buffer while ``delete 5'' will delete five lines from the buffer, starting with the current line. Some commands take other information or parameters, this information always being given after the command name.|= 55..22.. CCoommmmaanndd vvaarriiaannttss A number of commands have two distinct variants. The vari- ant form of the command is invoked by placing an `!' immediately after the command name. Some of the default variants may be con- trolled by options; in this case, the `!' serves to toggle the default. 55..33.. FFllaaggss aafftteerr ccoommmmaannddss The characters `#', `p' and `l' may be placed after many commands.** In this case, the command abbreviated by these char- acters is executed after the command completes. Since _e_x nor- mally prints the new current line after each change, `p' is rarely necessary. Any number of `+' or `-' characters may also be given with these flags. If they appear, the specified offset is applied to the current line value before the printing command is executed. ----------- * As an example, the command _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e can be abbreviated `s' while the shortest available abbreviation for the _s_e_t command is `se'. |- Counts are rounded down if necessary. |= Examples would be option names in a _s_e_t command i.e. ``set num- ber'', a file name in an _e_d_i_t command, a regular expression in a _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e command, or a target address for a _c_o_p_y command, i.e. ``1,5 copy 25''. ** A `p' or `l' must be preceded by a blank or tab except in the single special case `dp'. USD:12-6 Ex Reference Manual 55..44.. CCoommmmeennttss It is possible to give editor commands which are ignored. This is useful when making complex editor scripts for which com- ments are desired. The comment character is the double quote: ". Any command line beginning with " is ignored. Comments beginning with " may also be placed at the ends of commands, except in cases where they could be confused as part of text (shell escapes and the substitute and map commands). 55..55.. MMuullttiippllee ccoommmmaannddss ppeerr lliinnee More than one command may be placed on a line by separating each pair of commands by a `|' character. However the _g_l_o_b_a_l commands, comments, and the shell escape `!' must be the last command on a line, as they are not terminated by a `|'. 55..66.. RReeppoorrttiinngg llaarrggee cchhaannggeess Most commands which change the contents of the editor buffer give feedback if the scope of the change exceeds a threshold given by the _r_e_p_o_r_t option. This feedback helps to detect unde- sirably large changes so that they may be quickly and easily reversed with an _u_n_d_o_. After commands with more global effect such as _g_l_o_b_a_l or _v_i_s_u_a_l_, you will be informed if the net change in the number of lines in the buffer during this command exceeds this threshold. 66.. CCoommmmaanndd aaddddrreessssiinngg 66..11.. AAddddrreessssiinngg pprriimmiittiivveess .. The current line. Most commands leave the current line as the last line which they affect. The default address for most com- mands is the current line, thus `..' is rarely used alone as an address. _n The _nth line in the editor's buffer, lines being numbered sequentially from 1. $$ The last line in the buffer. %% An abbreviation for ``1,$'', the entire buffer. _+_n _-_n An offset relative to the current buffer line.|- //_p_a_t// ??_p_a_t?? Scan forward and backward respectively for a line containing _p_a_t, a regular expression (as ----------- |- The forms `.+3' `+3' and `+++' are all equivalent; if the cur- rent line is line 100 they all address line 103. Ex Reference Manual USD:12-7 defined below). The scans normally wrap around the end of the buffer. If all that is desired is to print the next line containing _p_a_t, then the trailing // or ?? may be omitted. If _p_a_t is omitted or explicitly empty, then the last regular expression specified is located.|= '''' ''_x Before each non-relative motion of the cur- rent line `..', the previous current line is marked with a tag, subsequently referred to as `'''. This makes it easy to refer or return to this previous context. Marks may also be established by the _m_a_r_k command, using single lower case letters _x and the marked lines referred to as `'_x'. 66..22.. CCoommbbiinniinngg aaddddrreessssiinngg pprriimmiittiivveess Addresses to commands consist of a series of addressing primitives, separated by `,' or `;'. Such address lists are evaluated left-to-right. When addresses are separated by `;' the current line `..' is set to the value of the previous addressing expression before the next address is interpreted. If more addresses are given than the command requires, then all but the last one or two are ignored. If the command takes two addresses, the first addressed line must precede the second in the buffer.|- 77.. CCoommmmaanndd ddeessccrriippttiioonnss The following form is a prototype for all _e_x commands: _a_d_d_r_e_s_s ccoommmmaanndd _! _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s All parts are optional; the degenerate case is the empty command which prints the next line in the file. For sanity with use from within _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, _e_x ignores a ``:'' preceding any command. In the following command descriptions, the default addresses are shown in parentheses, which are _n_o_t_, however, part of the command. aabbbbrreevviiaattee _w_o_r_d _r_h_s abbr: aabb ----------- |= The forms \\// and \\?? scan using the last regular expression used in a scan; after a substitute //// and ???? would scan using the sub- stitute's regular expression. |- Null address specifications are permitted in a list of addresses, the default in this case is the current line `.'; thus `,100' is equivalent to `..,100'. It is an error to give a prefix address to a command which expects none. USD:12-8 Ex Reference Manual Add the named abbreviation to the current list. When in input mode in visual, if _w_o_r_d is typed as a complete word, it will be changed to _r_h_s. ( .. ) aappppeenndd abbr: aa _t_e_x_t .. Reads the input text and places it after the specified line. After the command, `..' addresses the last line input or the specified line if no lines were input. If address `0' is given, text is placed at the beginning of the buffer. aa!! _t_e_x_t .. The variant flag to _a_p_p_e_n_d toggles the setting for the _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t option during the input of _t_e_x_t_. aarrggss The members of the argument list are printed, with the cur- rent argument delimited by `[' and `]'. ( .. , .. ) cchhaannggee _c_o_u_n_t abbr: cc _t_e_x_t .. Replaces the specified lines with the input _t_e_x_t. The cur- rent line becomes the last line input; if no lines were input it is left as for a _d_e_l_e_t_e. cc!! _t_e_x_t .. The variant toggles _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t during the _c_h_a_n_g_e_. ( .. , .. )ccooppyy _a_d_d_r _f_l_a_g_s abbr: ccoo A _c_o_p_y of the specified lines is placed after _a_d_d_r_, which may be `0'. The current line `..' addresses the last line of the copy. The command _t is a synonym for _c_o_p_y_. Ex Reference Manual USD:12-9 ( .. , .. )ddeelleettee _b_u_f_f_e_r _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s abbr: dd Removes the specified lines from the buffer. The line after the last line deleted becomes the current line; if the lines deleted were originally at the end, the new last line becomes the current line. If a named _b_u_f_f_e_r is specified by giving a letter, then the specified lines are saved in that buffer, or appended to it if an upper case letter is used. eeddiitt _f_i_l_e abbr: ee eexx _f_i_l_e Used to begin an editing session on a new file. The editor first checks to see if the buffer has been modified since the last _w_r_i_t_e command was issued. If it has been, a warn- ing is issued and the command is aborted. The command oth- erwise deletes the entire contents of the editor buffer, makes the named file the current file and prints the new filename. After insuring that this file is sensible|- the editor reads the file into its buffer. If the read of the file completes without error, the number of lines and characters read is typed. If there were any non-ASCII characters in the file they are stripped of their non-ASCII high bits, and any null characters in the file are discarded. If none of these errors occurred, the file is considered _e_d_i_t_e_d_. If the last line of the input file is missing the trailing newline character, it will be supplied and a complaint will be issued. This command leaves the current line `..' at the last line read.|= ee!! _f_i_l_e The variant form suppresses the complaint about modifica- tions having been made and not written from the editor buffer, thus discarding all changes which have been made before editing the new file. ee ++_n _f_i_l_e Causes the editor to begin at line _n rather than at the last line; _n may also be an editor command containing no spaces, e.g.: ``+/pat''. ----------- |- I.e., that it is not a binary file such as a directory, a block or character special file other than _/_d_e_v_/_t_t_y_, a terminal, or a binary or executable file (as indicated by the first word). |= If executed from within _o_p_e_n or _v_i_s_u_a_l_, the current line is initially the first line of the file. USD:12-10 Ex Reference Manual ffiillee abbr: ff Prints the current file name, whether it has been `[Modi- fied]' since the last _w_r_i_t_e command, whether it is _r_e_a_d _o_n_l_y, the current line, the number of lines in the buffer, and the percentage of the way through the buffer of the cur- rent line.* ffiillee _f_i_l_e The current file name is changed to _f_i_l_e which is considered `[Not edited]'. ( 1 , $ ) gglloobbaall /_p_a_t/ _c_m_d_s abbr: gg First marks each line among those specified which matches the given regular expression. Then the given command list is executed with `..' initially set to each marked line. The command list consists of the remaining commands on the current input line and may continue to multiple lines by ending all but the last such line with a `\'. If _c_m_d_s (and possibly the trailing // delimiter) is omitted, each line matching _p_a_t is printed. _A_p_p_e_n_d_, _i_n_s_e_r_t_, and _c_h_a_n_g_e com- mands and associated input are permitted; the `..' terminat- ing input may be omitted if it would be on the last line of the command list. _O_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l commands are permitted in the command list and take input from the terminal. The _g_l_o_b_a_l command itself may not appear in _c_m_d_s_. The _u_n_d_o command is also not permitted there, as _u_n_d_o instead can be used to reverse the entire _g_l_o_b_a_l command. The options _a_u_t_o_p_r_i_n_t and _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t are inhibited during a _g_l_o_b_a_l_, (and possibly the trailing // delimiter) and the value of the _r_e_p_o_r_t option is temporarily infinite, in deference to a _r_e_p_o_r_t for the entire global. Finally, the context mark `''' is set to the value of `.' before the global command begins and is not changed during a global command, except perhaps by an _o_p_e_n or _v_i_s_u_a_l within the _g_l_o_b_a_l_. gg!! //_p_a_t// _c_m_d_s abbr: vv The variant form of _g_l_o_b_a_l runs _c_m_d_s at each line not match- ing _p_a_t. ----------- * In the rare case that the current file is `[Not edited]' this is noted also; in this case you have to use the form ww!! to write to the file, since the editor is not sure that a wwrriittee will not destroy a file unrelated to the current contents of the buffer. Ex Reference Manual USD:12-11 ( .. )iinnsseerrtt abbr: ii _t_e_x_t .. Places the given text before the specified line. The cur- rent line is left at the last line input; if there were none input it is left at the line before the addressed line. This command differs from _a_p_p_e_n_d only in the placement of text. ii!! _t_e_x_t .. The variant toggles _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t during the _i_n_s_e_r_t_. ( .. , ..+1 ) jjooiinn _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s abbr: jj Places the text from a specified range of lines together on one line. White space is adjusted at each junction to pro- vide at least one blank character, two if there was a `..' at the end of the line, or none if the first following charac- ter is a `)'. If there is already white space at the end of the line, then the white space at the start of the next line will be discarded. jj!! The variant causes a simpler _j_o_i_n with no white space pro- cessing; the characters in the lines are simply concate- nated. ( .. ) kk _x The _k command is a synonym for _m_a_r_k_. It does not require a blank or tab before the following letter. ( .. , .. ) lliisstt _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s Prints the specified lines in a more unambiguous way: tabs are printed as `^I' and the end of each line is marked with a trailing `$'. The current line is left at the last line printed. mmaapp _l_h_s _r_h_s The _m_a_p command is used to define macros for use in _v_i_s_u_a_l mode. _L_h_s should be a single character, or the sequence USD:12-12 Ex Reference Manual ``#n'', for n a digit, referring to function key _n. When this character or function key is typed in _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, it will be as though the corresponding _r_h_s had been typed. On terminals without function keys, you can type ``#n''. See section 6.9 of the ``Introduction to Display Editing with Vi'' for more details. ( .. ) mmaarrkk _x Gives the specified line mark _x_, a single lower case letter. The _x must be preceded by a blank or a tab. The addressing form `'x' then addresses this line. The current line is not affected by this command. ( .. , .. ) mmoovvee _a_d_d_r abbr: mm The _m_o_v_e command repositions the specified lines to be after _a_d_d_r. The first of the moved lines becomes the current line. nneexxtt abbr: nn The next file from the command line argument list is edited. nn!! The variant suppresses warnings about the modifications to the buffer not having been written out, discarding (irre- trievably) any changes which may have been made. nn _f_i_l_e_l_i_s_t nn ++_c_o_m_m_a_n_d _f_i_l_e_l_i_s_t The specified _f_i_l_e_l_i_s_t is expanded and the resulting list replaces the current argument list; the first file in the new list is then edited. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is given (it must con- tain no spaces), then it is executed after editing the first such file. ( .. , .. ) nnuummbbeerr _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s abbr: ## or nnuu Prints each specified line preceded by its buffer line num- ber. The current line is left at the last line printed. Ex Reference Manual USD:12-13 ( .. ) ooppeenn _f_l_a_g_s abbr: oo ( .. ) ooppeenn /_p_a_t/ _f_l_a_g_s Enters intraline editing _o_p_e_n mode at each addressed line. If _p_a_t is given, then the cursor will be placed initially at the beginning of the string matched by the pattern. To exit this mode use Q. See _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i for more details. pprreesseerrvvee The current editor buffer is saved as though the system had just crashed. This command is for use only in emergencies when a _w_r_i_t_e command has resulted in an error and you don't know how to save your work. After a _p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e you should seek help. ( .. , .. )pprriinntt _c_o_u_n_t abbr: pp or PP Prints the specified lines with non-printing characters printed as control characters `^_x'; delete (octal 177) is represented as `^?'. The current line is left at the last line printed. ( .. )ppuutt _b_u_f_f_e_r abbr: ppuu Puts back previously _d_e_l_e_t_e_d or _y_a_n_k_e_d lines. Normally used with _d_e_l_e_t_e to effect movement of lines, or with _y_a_n_k to effect duplication of lines. If no _b_u_f_f_e_r is specified, then the last _d_e_l_e_t_e_d or _y_a_n_k_e_d text is restored.* By using a named buffer, text may be restored that was saved there at any previous time. qquuiitt abbr: qq Causes _e_x to terminate. No automatic write of the editor buffer to a file is performed. However, _e_x issues a warning message if the file has changed since the last _w_r_i_t_e command was issued, and does not _q_u_i_t_._|_- Normally, you will wish to save your changes, and you should give a _w_r_i_t_e command; if you wish to discard them, use the qq!! command variant. ----------- * But no modifying commands may intervene between the _d_e_l_e_t_e or _y_a_n_k and the _p_u_t_, nor may lines be moved between files without using a named buffer. |- _E_x will also issue a diagnostic if there are more files in the argument list. USD:12-14 Ex Reference Manual qq!! Quits from the editor, discarding changes to the buffer without complaint. ( .. ) rreeaadd _f_i_l_e abbr: rr Places a copy of the text of the given file in the editing buffer after the specified line. If no _f_i_l_e is given the current file name is used. The current file name is not changed unless there is none in which case _f_i_l_e becomes the current name. The sensibility restrictions for the _e_d_i_t command apply here also. If the file buffer is empty and there is no current name then _e_x treats this as an _e_d_i_t com- mand. Address `0' is legal for this command and causes the file to be read at the beginning of the buffer. Statistics are given as for the _e_d_i_t command when the _r_e_a_d successfully terminates. After a _r_e_a_d the current line is the last line read.|= ( .. ) rreeaadd !!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Reads the output of the command _c_o_m_m_a_n_d into the buffer after the specified line. This is not a variant form of the command, rather a read specifying a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d rather than a _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e_; a blank or tab before the !! is mandatory. rreeccoovveerr _f_i_l_e Recovers _f_i_l_e from the system save area. Used after a acci- dental hangup of the phone** or a system crash** or _p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e command. Except when you use _p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e you will be notified by mail when a file is saved. rreewwiinndd abbr: rreeww The argument list is rewound, and the first file in the list is edited. rreeww!! ----------- |= Within _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l the current line is set to the first line read rather than the last. ** The system saves a copy of the file you were editing only if you have made changes to the file. Ex Reference Manual USD:12-15 Rewinds the argument list discarding any changes made to the current buffer. sseett _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r With no arguments, prints those options whose values have been changed from their defaults; with parameter _a_l_l it prints all of the option values. Giving an option name followed by a `?' causes the current value of that option to be printed. The `?' is unnecessary unless the option is Boolean valued. Boolean options are given values either by the form `set _o_p_t_i_o_n' to turn them on or `set no_o_p_t_i_o_n' to turn them off; string and numeric options are assigned via the form `set _o_p_t_i_o_n=value'. More than one parameter may be given to _s_e_t; they are inter- preted left-to-right. sshheellll abbr: sshh A new shell is created. When it terminates, editing resumes. ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e abbr: ssoo Reads and executes commands from the specified file. _S_o_u_r_c_e commands may be nested. ( .. , .. ) ssuubbssttiittuuttee /_p_a_t/_r_e_p_l/ _o_p_t_i_o_n_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_sabbr: ss On each specified line, the first instance of pattern _p_a_t is replaced by replacement pattern _r_e_p_l_. If the _g_l_o_b_a_l indica- tor option character `g' appears, then all instances are substituted; if the _c_o_n_f_i_r_m indication character `c' appears, then before each substitution the line to be sub- stituted is typed with the string to be substituted marked with `|^' characters. By typing an `y' one can cause the substitution to be performed, any other input causes no change to take place. After a _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e the current line is the last line substituted. Lines may be split by substituting new-line characters into them. The newline in _r_e_p_l must be escaped by preceding it with a `\'. Other metacharacters available in _p_a_t and _r_e_p_l are described below. USD:12-16 Ex Reference Manual ssttoopp Suspends the editor, returning control to the top level shell. If _a_u_t_o_w_r_i_t_e is set and there are unsaved changes, a write is done first unless the form ssttoopp! is used. This commands is only available where supported by the teletype driver and operating system. ( .. , .. ) ssuubbssttiittuuttee _o_p_t_i_o_n_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_sabbr: ss If _p_a_t and _r_e_p_l are omitted, then the last substitution is repeated. This is a synonym for the && command. ( .. , .. ) tt _a_d_d_r _f_l_a_g_s The _t command is a synonym for _c_o_p_y. ttaa _t_a_g The focus of editing switches to the location of _t_a_g_, switching to a different line in the current file where it is defined, or if necessary to another file.|= The tags file is normally created by a program such as _c_t_a_g_s_, and consists of a number of lines with three fields separated by blanks or tabs. The first field gives the name of the tag, the second the name of the file where the tag resides, and the third gives an addressing form which can be used by the editor to find the tag; this field is usually a contextual scan using `/_p_a_t/' to be immune to minor changes in the file. Such scans are always performed as if _n_o_m_a_g_i_c was set. The tag names in the tags file must be sorted alphabeti- cally. uunnaabbbbrreevviiaattee _w_o_r_d abbr: uunnaa Delete _w_o_r_d from the list of abbreviations. uunnddoo abbr: uu Reverses the changes made in the buffer by the last buffer editing command. Note that _g_l_o_b_a_l commands are considered a single command for the purpose of _u_n_d_o (as are _o_p_e_n and ----------- |= If you have modified the current file before giving a _t_a_g com- mand, you must write it out; giving another _t_a_g command, specify- ing no _t_a_g will reuse the previous tag. Ex Reference Manual USD:12-17 _v_i_s_u_a_l_._) Also, the commands _w_r_i_t_e and _e_d_i_t which interact with the file system cannot be undone. _U_n_d_o is its own inverse. _U_n_d_o always marks the previous value of the current line `..' as `'''. After an _u_n_d_o the current line is the first line restored or the line before the first line deleted if no lines were restored. For commands with more global effect such as _g_l_o_b_a_l and _v_i_s_u_a_l the current line regains it's pre- command value after an _u_n_d_o_. uunnmmaapp _l_h_s The macro expansion associated by _m_a_p for _l_h_s is removed. ( 1 , $ ) vv /_p_a_t/ _c_m_d_s A synonym for the _g_l_o_b_a_l command variant gg!!, running the specified _c_m_d_s on each line which does not match _p_a_t. vveerrssiioonn abbr: vvee Prints the current version number of the editor as well as the date the editor was last changed. ( .. ) vviissuuaall _t_y_p_e _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s abbr: vvii Enters visual mode at the specified line. _T_y_p_e is optional and may be `-' , `|^' or `..' as in the _z command to specify the placement of the specified line on the screen. By default, if _t_y_p_e is omitted, the specified line is placed as the first on the screen. A _c_o_u_n_t specifies an initial win- dow size; the default is the value of the option _w_i_n_d_o_w_. See the document _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i for more details. To exit this mode, type Q. vviissuuaall file vviissuuaall +_n file From visual mode, this command is the same as edit. ( 1 , $ ) wwrriittee _f_i_l_e abbr: ww Writes changes made back to _f_i_l_e, printing the number of lines and characters written. Normally _f_i_l_e is omitted and the text goes back where it came from. If a _f_i_l_e is speci- USD:12-18 Ex Reference Manual fied, then text will be written to that file.* If the file does not exist it is created. The current file name is changed only if there is no current file name; the current line is never changed. If an error occurs while writing the current and _e_d_i_t_e_d file, the editor considers that there has been ``No write since last change'' even if the buffer had not previously been modified. ( 1 , $ ) wwrriittee>>>> _f_i_l_e abbr: ww>>>> Writes the buffer contents at the end of an existing file. ww!! _n_a_m_e Overrides the checking of the normal _w_r_i_t_e command, and will write to any file which the system permits. ( 1 , $ ) ww !!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Writes the specified lines into _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_. Note the differ- ence between ww!! which overrides checks and ww !! which writes to a command. wwqq _n_a_m_e Like a _w_r_i_t_e and then a _q_u_i_t command. wwqq!! _n_a_m_e The variant overrides checking on the sensibility of the _w_r_i_t_e command, as ww!! does. xxiitt _n_a_m_e If any changes have been made and not written, writes the buffer out. Then, in any case, quits. ----------- * The editor writes to a file only if it is the current file and is _e_d_i_t_e_d, if the file does not exist, or if the file is actually a teletype, _/_d_e_v_/_t_t_y_, _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l_. Otherwise, you must give the variant form ww!! to force the write. Ex Reference Manual USD:12-19 ( .. , .. )yyaannkk _b_u_f_f_e_r _c_o_u_n_t abbr: yyaa Places the specified lines in the named _b_u_f_f_e_r_, for later retrieval via _p_u_t_. If no buffer name is specified, the lines go to a more volatile place; see the _p_u_t command description. ( ..++11 ) zz _c_o_u_n_t Print the next _c_o_u_n_t lines, default _w_i_n_d_o_w. ( .. ) zz _t_y_p_e _c_o_u_n_t Prints a window of text with the specified line at the top. If _t_y_p_e is `-' the line is placed at the bottom; a `..' causes the line to be placed in the center.* A count gives the number of lines to be displayed rather than double the number specified by the _s_c_r_o_l_l option. On a CRT the screen is cleared before display begins unless a count which is less than the screen size is given. The current line is left at the last line printed. !! _c_o_m_m_a_n_d The remainder of the line after the `!' character is sent to a shell to be executed. Within the text of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d the characters `%' and `#' are expanded as in filenames and the character `!' is replaced with the text of the previous com- mand. Thus, in particular, `!!' repeats the last such shell escape. If any such expansion is performed, the expanded line will be echoed. The current line is unchanged by this command. If there has been ``[No write]'' of the buffer contents since the last change to the editing buffer, then a diagnos- tic will be printed before the command is executed as a warning. A single `!' is printed when the command com- pletes. ( _a_d_d_r , _a_d_d_r ) !! _c_o_m_m_a_n_d Takes the specified address range and supplies it as stan- dard input to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_; the resulting output then replaces ----------- * Forms `z=' and `z|^' also exist; `z=' places the current line in the center, surrounds it with lines of `-' characters and leaves the current line at this line. The form `z|^' prints the window before `z-' would. The characters `+', `|^' and `-' may be repeated for cumulative effect. On some v2 editors, no _t_y_p_e may be given. USD:12-20 Ex Reference Manual the input lines. ( $ ) == Prints the line number of the addressed line. The current line is unchanged. ( .. , .. ) >> _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s ( .. , .. ) << _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s Perform intelligent shifting on the specified lines; << shifts left and >> shift right. The quantity of shift is determined by the _s_h_i_f_t_w_i_d_t_h option and the repetition of the specification character. Only white space (blanks and tabs) is shifted; no non-white characters are discarded in a left-shift. The current line becomes the last line which changed due to the shifting. ^^DD An end-of-file from a terminal input scrolls through the file. The _s_c_r_o_l_l option specifies the size of the scroll, normally a half screen of text. ( ..+1 , ..+1 ) ( ..+1 , ..+1 ) | An address alone causes the addressed lines to be printed. A blank line prints the next line in the file. ( .. , .. ) && _o_p_t_i_o_n_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s Repeats the previous _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e command. ( .. , .. ) ~~ _o_p_t_i_o_n_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s Replaces the previous regular expression with the previous replacement pattern from a substitution. 88.. RReegguullaarr eexxpprreessssiioonnss aanndd ssuubbssttiittuuttee rreeppllaacceemmeenntt ppaatttteerrnnss 88..11.. RReegguullaarr eexxpprreessssiioonnss A regular expression specifies a set of strings of charac- ters. A member of this set of strings is said to be _m_a_t_c_h_e_d by the regular expression. _E_x remembers two previous regular expressions: the previous regular expression used in a _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e command and the previous regular expression used elsewhere Ex Reference Manual USD:12-21 (referred to as the previous _s_c_a_n_n_i_n_g regular expression.) The previous regular expression can always be referred to by a null _r_e, e.g. `//' or `??'. 88..22.. MMaaggiicc aanndd nnoommaaggiicc The regular expressions allowed by _e_x are constructed in one of two ways depending on the setting of the _m_a_g_i_c option. The _e_x and _v_i default setting of _m_a_g_i_c gives quick access to a powerful set of regular expression metacharacters. The disadvantage of _m_a_g_i_c is that the user must remember that these metacharacters are _m_a_g_i_c and precede them with the character `\' to use them as ``ordinary'' characters. With _n_o_m_a_g_i_c_, the default for _e_d_i_t_, regular expressions are much simpler, there being only two metacharacters. The power of the other metacharacters is still available by preceding the (now) ordinary character with a `\'. Note that `\' is thus always a metacharacter. The remainder of the discussion of regular expressions assumes that that the setting of this option is _m_a_g_i_c_._|_- 88..33.. BBaassiicc rreegguullaarr eexxpprreessssiioonn ssuummmmaarryy The following basic constructs are used to construct _m_a_g_i_c mode regular expressions. _c_h_a_r An ordinary character matches itself. The charac- ters `|^' at the beginning of a line, `$' at the end of line, `*' as any character other than the first, `.', `\', `[', and `~' are not ordinary characters and must be escaped (preceded) by `\' to be treated as such. ||^^ At the beginning of a pattern forces the match to succeed only at the beginning of a line. $$ At the end of a regular expression forces the match to succeed only at the end of the line. .. Matches any single character except the new-line character. \\<< Forces the match to occur only at the beginning of a ``variable'' or ``word''; that is, either at the beginning of a line, or just before a letter, digit, or underline and after a character not one of these. ----------- |- To discern what is true with _n_o_m_a_g_i_c it suffices to remember that the only special characters in this case will be `|^' at the beginning of a regular expression, `$' at the end of a regular expression, and `\'. With _n_o_m_a_g_i_c the characters `~' and `&' also lose their special meanings related to the replacement pat- tern of a substitute. USD:12-22 Ex Reference Manual \\>> Similar to `\<', but matching the end of a ``vari- able'' or ``word'', i.e. either the end of the line or before character which is neither a let- ter, nor a digit, nor the underline character. [[_s_t_r_i_n_g] Matches any (single) character in the class defined by _s_t_r_i_n_g_. Most characters in _s_t_r_i_n_g define themselves. A pair of characters separated by `-' in _s_t_r_i_n_g defines the set of characters collating between the specified lower and upper bounds, thus `[a-z]' as a regular expression matches any (single) lower-case letter. If the first character of _s_t_r_i_n_g is an `|^' then the con- struct matches those characters which it otherwise would not; thus `[|^a-z]' matches anything but a lower-case letter (and of course a newline). To place any of the characters `|^', `[', or `-' in _s_t_r_i_n_g you must escape them with a preceding `\'. 88..44.. CCoommbbiinniinngg rreegguullaarr eexxpprreessssiioonn pprriimmiittiivveess The concatenation of two regular expressions matches the leftmost and then longest string which can be divided with the first piece matching the first regular expression and the second piece matching the second. Any of the (single character match- ing) regular expressions mentioned above may be followed by the character `*' to form a regular expression which matches any num- ber of adjacent occurrences (including 0) of characters matched by the regular expression it follows. The character `~' may be used in a regular expression, and matches the text which defined the replacement part of the last _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e command. A regular expression may be enclosed between the sequences `\(' and `\)' with side effects in the _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e replacement patterns. 88..55.. SSuubbssttiittuuttee rreeppllaacceemmeenntt ppaatttteerrnnss The basic metacharacters for the replacement pattern are `&' and `~'; these are given as `\&' and `\~' when _n_o_m_a_g_i_c is set. Each instance of `&' is replaced by the characters which the reg- ular expression matched. The metacharacter `~' stands, in the replacement pattern, for the defining text of the previous replacement pattern. Other metasequences possible in the replacement pattern are always introduced by the escaping character `\'. The sequence `\_n' is replaced by the text matched by the _n-th regular subex- pression enclosed between `\(' and `\)'.|- The sequences `\u' and `\l' cause the immediately following character in the replacement ----------- |- When nested, parenthesized subexpressions are present, _n is determined by counting occurrences of `\(' starting from the left. Ex Reference Manual USD:12-23 to be converted to upper- or lower-case respectively if this character is a letter. The sequences `\U' and `\L' turn such conversion on, either until `\E' or `\e' is encountered, or until the end of the replacement pattern. 99.. OOppttiioonn ddeessccrriippttiioonnss aauuttooiinnddeenntt, aaii default: noai Can be used to ease the preparation of structured program text. At the beginning of each _a_p_p_e_n_d, _c_h_a_n_g_e or _i_n_s_e_r_t command or when a new line is _o_p_e_n_e_d or created by an _a_p_p_e_n_d, _c_h_a_n_g_e, _i_n_s_e_r_t, or _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e operation within _o_p_e_n or _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, _e_x looks at the line being appended after, the first line changed or the line inserted before and cal- culates the amount of white space at the start of the line. It then aligns the cursor at the level of indentation so determined. If the user then types lines of text in, they will continue to be justified at the displayed indenting level. If more white space is typed at the beginning of a line, the follow- ing line will start aligned with the first non-white charac- ter of the previous line. To back the cursor up to the pre- ceding tab stop one can hit ^^DD. The tab stops going back- wards are defined at multiples of the _s_h_i_f_t_w_i_d_t_h option. You _c_a_n_n_o_t backspace over the indent, except by sending an end-of-file with a ^^DD. Specially processed in this mode is a line with no charac- ters added to it, which turns into a completely blank line (the white space provided for the _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t is discarded.) Also specially processed in this mode are lines beginning with an `|^' and immediately followed by a ^^DD. This causes the input to be repositioned at the beginning of the line, but retaining the previous indent for the next line. Simi- larly, a `0' followed by a ^^DD repositions at the beginning but without retaining the previous indent. _A_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t doesn't happen in _g_l_o_b_a_l commands or when the input is not a terminal. aauuttoopprriinntt, aapp default: ap Causes the current line to be printed after each _d_e_l_e_t_e, _c_o_p_y, _j_o_i_n, _m_o_v_e, _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e, _t, _u_n_d_o or shift command. This has the same effect as supplying a trailing `p' to each such command. _A_u_t_o_p_r_i_n_t is suppressed in globals, and only applies to the last of many commands on a line. USD:12-24 Ex Reference Manual aauuttoowwrriittee, aaww default: noaw Causes the contents of the buffer to be written to the cur- rent file if you have modified it and give a _n_e_x_t_, _r_e_w_i_n_d_, _s_t_o_p_, _t_a_g_, or _! command, or a ^^||^^ (switch files) or ^^]] (tag goto) command in _v_i_s_u_a_l_. Note, that the _e_d_i_t and _e_x com- mands do nnoott autowrite. In each case, there is an equiva- lent way of switching when autowrite is set to avoid the _a_u_t_o_w_r_i_t_e (_e_d_i_t for _n_e_x_t, _r_e_w_i_n_d_! for .I rewind , _s_t_o_p_! for _s_t_o_p, _t_a_g_! for _t_a_g, _s_h_e_l_l for _!, and ::ee ## and a ::ttaa!! command from within _v_i_s_u_a_l_)_. bbeeaauuttiiffyy, bbff default: nobeautify Causes all control characters except tab, newline and form- feed to be discarded from the input. A complaint is regis- tered the first time a backspace character is discarded. _B_e_a_u_t_i_f_y does not apply to command input. ddiirreeccttoorryy, ddiirr default: dir=/tmp Specifies the directory in which _e_x places its buffer file. If this directory in not writable, then the editor will exit abruptly when it fails to be able to create its buffer there. eeddccoommppaattiibbllee default: noedcompatible Causes the presence of absence of gg and cc suffixes on sub- stitute commands to be remembered, and to be toggled by repeating the suffices. The suffix rr makes the substitution be as in the _~ command, instead of like _&_. eerrrroorrbbeellllss, eebb default: noeb Error messages are preceded by a bell.* If possible the editor always places the error message in a standout mode of the terminal (such as inverse video) instead of ringing the bell. hhaarrddttaabbss, hhtt default: ht=8 Gives the boundaries on which terminal hardware tabs are set (or on which the system expands tabs). ----------- * Bell ringing in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l on errors is not suppressed by setting _n_o_e_b_. Ex Reference Manual USD:12-25 iiggnnoorreeccaassee, iicc default: noic All upper case characters in the text are mapped to lower case in regular expression matching. In addition, all upper case characters in regular expressions are mapped to lower case except in character class specifications. lliisspp default: nolisp _A_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t indents appropriately for _l_i_s_p code, and the (( )) {{ }} [[[[ and ]]]] commands in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l are modified to have meaning for _l_i_s_p. lliisstt default: nolist All printed lines will be displayed (more) unambiguously, showing tabs and end-of-lines as in the _l_i_s_t command. mmaaggiicc default: magic for _e_x and _v_i|- If _n_o_m_a_g_i_c is set, the number of regular expression metacharacters is greatly reduced, with only `|^' and `$' having special effects. In addition the metacharacters `~' and `&' of the replacement pattern are treated as normal characters. All the normal metacharacters may be made _m_a_g_i_c when _n_o_m_a_g_i_c is set by preceding them with a `\'. mmeessgg default: mesg Causes write permission to be turned off to the terminal while you are in visual mode, if _n_o_m_e_s_g is set. mmooddeelliinnee default: nomodeline If _m_o_d_e_l_i_n_e is set, then the first 5 lines and the last five lines of the file will be checked for ex command lines and the comands issued. To be recognized as a command line, the line must have the string eexx:: or vvii:: preceeded by a tab or a space. This string may be anywhere in the line and anything after the _: is interpeted as editor commands. This option defaults to off because of unexpected behavior when editting files such as _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d_. nnuummbbeerr,, nnuu default: nonumber ----------- |- _N_o_m_a_g_i_c for _e_d_i_t. USD:12-26 Ex Reference Manual Causes all output lines to be printed with their line num- bers. In addition each input line will be prompted for by supplying the line number it will have. ooppeenn default: open If _n_o_o_p_e_n, the commands _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l are not permitted. This is set for _e_d_i_t to prevent confusion resulting from accidental entry to open or visual mode. ooppttiimmiizzee,, oopptt default: optimize Throughput of text is expedited by setting the terminal to not do automatic carriage returns when printing more than one (logical) line of output, greatly speeding output on terminals without addressable cursors when text with leading white space is printed. ppaarraaggrraapphhss,, ppaarraa default: para=IPLPPPQPP LIbp Specifies the paragraphs for the {{ and }} operations in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l_. The pairs of characters in the option's value are the names of the macros which start paragraphs. pprroommpptt default: prompt Command mode input is prompted for with a `:'. rreeddrraaww default: noredraw The editor simulates (using great amounts of output), an intelligent terminal on a dumb terminal (e.g. during inser- tions in _v_i_s_u_a_l the characters to the right of the cursor position are refreshed as each input character is typed.) Useful only at very high speed. rreemmaapp default: remap If on, macros are repeatedly tried until they are unchanged. For example, if oo is mapped to OO, and OO is mapped to II, then if _r_e_m_a_p is set, oo will map to II, but if _n_o_r_e_m_a_p is set, it will map to OO. rreeppoorrtt default: report=5|- ----------- |- 2 for _e_d_i_t. Ex Reference Manual USD:12-27 Specifies a threshold for feedback from commands. Any com- mand which modifies more than the specified number of lines will provide feedback as to the scope of its changes. For commands such as _g_l_o_b_a_l, _o_p_e_n, _u_n_d_o, and _v_i_s_u_a_l which have potentially more far reaching scope, the net change in the number of lines in the buffer is presented at the end of the command, subject to this same threshold. Thus notification is suppressed during a _g_l_o_b_a_l command on the individual com- mands performed. ssccrroollll default: scroll=1/2 window Determines the number of logical lines scrolled when an end- of-file is received from a terminal input in command mode, and the number of lines printed by a command mode _z command (double the value of _s_c_r_o_l_l). sseeccttiioonnss default: sections=SHNHH HU Specifies the section macros for the [[[[ and ]]]] operations in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l_. The pairs of characters in the options's value are the names of the macros which start paragraphs. sshheellll, sshh default: sh=/bin/sh Gives the path name of the shell forked for the shell escape command `!', and by the _s_h_e_l_l command. The default is taken from SHELL in the environment, if present. sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh, ssww default: sw=8 Gives the width a software tab stop, used in reverse tabbing with ^^DD when using _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t to append text, and by the shift commands. sshhoowwmmaattcchh,, ssmm default: nosm In _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, when a )) or }} is typed, move the cursor to the matching (( or {{ for one second if this match- ing character is on the screen. Extremely useful with _l_i_s_p_. sslloowwooppeenn,, ssllooww terminal dependent Affects the display algorithm used in _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, holding off display updating during input of new text to improve throughput when the terminal in use is both slow and unin- telligent. See _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i for more details. USD:12-28 Ex Reference Manual ttaabbssttoopp,, ttss default: ts=8 The editor expands tabs in the input file to be on _t_a_b_s_t_o_p boundaries for the purposes of display. ttaagglleennggtthh,, ttll default: tl=0 Tags are not significant beyond this many characters. A value of zero (the default) means that all characters are significant. ttaaggss default: tags=tags /usr/lib/tags A path of files to be used as tag files for the _t_a_g command. A requested tag is searched for in the specified files, sequentially. By default, files called ttaaggss are searched for in the current directory and in /usr/lib (a master file for the entire system). tteerrmm from environment TERM The terminal type of the output device. tteerrssee default: noterse Shorter error diagnostics are produced for the experienced user. wwaarrnn default: warn Warn if there has been `[No write since last change]' before a `!' command escape. wwiinnddooww default: window=speed dependent The number of lines in a text window in the _v_i_s_u_a_l command. The default is 8 at slow speeds (600 baud or less), 16 at medium speed (1200 baud), and the full screen (minus one line) at higher speeds. ww330000,, ww11220000 ww99660000 These are not true options but set wwiinnddooww only if the speed is slow (300), medium (1200), or high (9600), respectively. They are suitable for an EXINIT and make it easy to change the 8/16/full screen rule. Ex Reference Manual USD:12-29 wwrraappssccaann, wwss default: ws Searches using the regular expressions in addressing will wrap around past the end of the file. wwrraappmmaarrggiinn, wwmm default: wm=0 Defines a margin for automatic wrapover of text during input in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l modes. See _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _T_e_x_t _E_d_i_t_- _i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i for details. wwrriitteeaannyy, wwaa default: nowa Inhibit the checks normally made before _w_r_i_t_e commands, allowing a write to any file which the system protection mechanism will allow. 1100.. AAcckknnoowwlleeddggeemmeennttss Chuck Haley contributed greatly to the early development of _e_x_. Bruce Englar encouraged the redesign which led to _e_x version 1. Bill Joy wrote versions 1 and 2.0 through 2.7, and created the framework that users see in the present editor. Mark Horton added macros and other features and made the editor work on a large number of terminals and Unix systems.